My dissertation, which sits at the intersection of International Relations (IR), Political Theory, Jewish Studies, and Religious Studies, spotlights Jewish thinkers who explored the idea of Jewish non-territorial autonomy. Through examining the oft-overlooked political dimensions of the thought of Simon Dubnow, Aaron Samuel Tamares, Martin Buber, and Gershom Scholem, I uncover the ways in which these thinkers conceptualized global politics and political order through a rethinking or rejection of totalizing modern conceptions of state sovereignty. In turn, I show how these thinkers expose limitations in IR theory and practice regarding concepts such as self-determination, diaspora, and sovereignty.